Select用途:
从指定表中取出指定的列的数据
语法:
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name
解释:
从数据库中选取资料列,并允许从一或多个资料表中,选取一或多个资料列或资料行。SELECT 陈述式的完整语法相当复杂,但主要子句可摘要为:
SELECT select_list
[ INTO new_table ]
FROM table_source
[ WHERE search_condition ]
[ GROUP BY group_by_expression ]
[ HAVING search_condition ]
[ ORDER BY order_expression [ ASC | DESC ] ]
例:
“Persons” 表中的数据有
LastName
FirstName
Address
City
Ola
Timoteivn 10
Sandnes
Svendson
Tove
Borgvn 23
Sandnes
Pettersen
Kari
Storgt 20
Stavanger
选出字段名” LastName”、” FirstName” 的数据
SELECT LastName,FirstName FROM Persons
返回结果:
LastName
FirstName
Hansen
Ola
Svendson
Tove
Pettersen
Kari
选出所有字段的数据
SELECT * FROM Persons
返回结果:
LastName
FirstName
Address
City
Hansen
Ola
Timoteivn 10
Sandnes
Svendson
Tove
Borgvn 23
Sandnes
Pettersen
Kari
Storgt 20
Stavanger
Where
用途:
被用来规定一种选择查询的标准
语法:
SELECT column FROM table WHERE column condition value
注意: 在某些SQL的版本中不等号< >能被写作为!=
SELECT语句返回WHERE子句中条件为true的数据
例:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE City='Sandnes'
"Persons" 表中的数据有:
LastName
FirstName
Address
City
Year
Hansen
Ola
Timoteivn 10
Sandnes
1951
Svendson
Tove
Borgvn 23
Sandnes
1978
Svendson
Stale
Kaivn 18
Sandnes
1980
Pettersen
Kari
Storgt 20
Stavanger
1960
LastName
FirstName
Address
City
Year
Hansen
Ola
Timoteivn 10
Sandnes
1951
Svendson
Tove
Borgvn 23
Sandnes
1978
Svendson
Stale
Kaivn 18
Sandnes
1980
And & Or
用途:
在WHERE子句中AND和OR被用来连接两个或者更多的条件
解释:
AND在结合两个布尔表达式时,只有在两个表达式都为 TRUE 时才传回 TRUE
OR在结合两个布尔表达式时,只要其中一个条件为 TRUE 时,OR便传回 TRUE
例:
"Persons" 表中的原始数据:
LastName
FirstName
Address
City
Hansen
Ola
Timoteivn 10
Sandnes
Svendson
Tove
Borgvn 23
Sandnes
Svendson
Stephen
Kaivn 18
Sandnes
表中
SELECT * FROM Persons
WHERE FirstName='Tove'
AND LastName='Svendson'
LastName
FirstName
Address
City
Svendson
Tove
Borgvn 23
Sandnes
运算子来查找表中FirstNameLastName为” Svendson”的数据
SELECT * FROM Persons
WHERE firstname='Tove'
OR lastname='Svendson'
LastName
FirstName
Address
City
Svendson
Tove
Borgvn 23
Sandnes
Svendson
Stephen
Kaivn 18
Sandnes
你也能结合AND和OR (使用括号形成复杂的表达式),如:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE
(FirstName='Tove' OR FirstName='Stephen')
AND LastName='Svendson'
LastName
FirstName
Address
City
Svendson
Tove
Borgvn 23
Sandnes
Svendson
Stephen
Kaivn 18
Sandnes
Between…And
用途:
指定需返回数据的范围
语法:
SELECT column_name FROM table_name
WHERE column_name
BETWEEN value1 AND value2
例:
“Persons”
LastName
FirstName
Address
City
Hansen
Ola
Timoteivn 10
Sandnes
Nordmann
Anna
Neset 18
Sandnes
Pettersen
Kari
Storgt 20
Stavanger
Svendson
Tove
Borgvn 23
Sandnes
返回LastName为从”Hansen”到”Pettersen”的数据:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE LastName
BETWEEN 'Hansen' AND 'Pettersen'
返回结果:
LastName
FirstName
Address
City
Hansen
Ola
Timoteivn 10
Nordmann
Anna
Neset 18
Sandnes
Pettersen
Kari
Storgt 20
Stavanger
为了显示指定范围之外的数据,也可以用NOT操作符:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE LastName
NOT BETWEEN 'Hansen' AND 'Pettersen'
返回结果:
LastName
FirstName
Address
City
Svendson
Tove
Borgvn 23
Sandnes
Distinct
用途:
DISTINCT关键字被用作返回唯一的值
语法:
SELECT DISTINCT column-name(s) FROM table-name
解释:
当column-name(s)中存在重复的值时,返回结果仅留下一个
例:
“Orders”表中的原始数据
Company
OrderNumber
Sega
3412
W3Schools
2312
Trio
4678
W3Schools
6798
用DISTINCT关键字返回Company字段中唯一的值:
SELECT DISTINCT Company FROM Orders
返回结果:
Company
Sega
W3Schools
Trio
Order by
用途:
指定结果集的排序
语法:
SELECT column-name(s) FROM table-name ORDER BY { order_by_expression [ ASC | DESC ] }
解释:
指定结果集的排序,可以按照ASC(递增方式排序,从最低值到最高值)或者DESC(递减方式排序,从最高值到最低值)的方式进行排序,默认的方式是ASC
例:
“Orders”表中的原始数据:
Company
OrderNumber
Sega
3412
ABC Shop
5678
W3Schools
2312
W3Schools
6798
按照Company字段的升序方式返回结果集:
SELECT Company, OrderNumber FROM Orders
ORDER BY Company
返回结果:
Company
OrderNumber
ABC Shop
5678
Sega
3412
W3Schools
6798
W3Schools
2312
按照Company字段的降序方式返回结果集:
SELECT Company, OrderNumber FROM Orders
ORDER BY Company DESC
返回结果:
Company
OrderNumber
W3Schools
6798
W3Schools
2312
Sega
3412
ABC Shop
5678
Group by
用途:
对结果集进行分组,常与汇总函数一起使用。
语法:
SELECT column,SUM(column) FROM table GROUP BY column
例:
“Sales”表中的原始数据:
Company
Amount
W3Schools
5500
IBM
4500
W3Schools
7100
Amout的合计:
SELECT Company,SUM(Amount) FROM Sales
GROUP BY Company
返回结果:
Company
SUM(Amount)
W3Schools
12600
IBM
4500
Having
用途:
指定群组或汇总的搜寻条件。
语法:
SELECT column,SUM(column) FROM table
GROUP BY column
HAVING SUM(column) condition value
解释:
HAVING 通常与 GROUP BY 子句同时使用。不使用 GROUP BY 时,HAVING 则与 WHERE 子句功能相似。
例:
“Sales”表中的原始数据:
Company
Amount
W3Schools
5500
IBM
4500
W3Schools
7100
按照Company字段进行分组,求出每个Company的Amout的合计在10000
SELECT Company,SUM(Amount) FROM Sales
GROUP BY Company HAVING SUM(Amount)>10000
返回结果:
Company
SUM(Amount)
W3Schools
12600
Join
用途:
当你要从两个或者以上的表中选取结果集时,你就会用到JOIN。
例:
“Employees”表中的数据如下,(其中ID
ID
Name
01
Hansen, Ola
02
Svendson, Tove
03
Svendson, Stephen
04
Pettersen, Kari
“Orders”表中的数据如下:
ID
Product
01
Printer
03
Table
03
Chair
用Employees的ID和Orders的ID相关联选取数据:
SELECT Employees.Name, Orders.Product
FROM Employees, Orders
WHERE Employees.ID = Orders.ID
Name
Product
Hansen, Ola
Printer
Svendson, Stephen
Table
Svendson, Stephen
Chair
或者你也可以用JOIN关键字来完成上面的操作:
SELECT Employees.Name, Orders.Product
FROM Employees
INNER JOIN Orders
ON Employees.ID = Orders.ID
INNER JOIN的语法:
SELECT field1, field2, field3
FROM first_table
INNER JOIN second_table
ON first_table.keyfield = second_table.foreign_keyfield
解释:
INNER JOIN返回的结果集是两个表中所有相匹配的数据。
LEFT JOIN的语法:
SELECT field1, field2, field3
FROM first_table
LEFT JOIN second_table
ON first_table.keyfield = second_table.foreign_keyfield
用”Employees”表去左外联结”Orders”表去找出相关数据:
SELECT Employees.Name, Orders.Product
FROM Employees
LEFT JOIN Orders
ON Employees.ID = Orders.ID
返回结果:
Name
Product
Hansen, Ola
Printer
Svendson, Tove
Svendson, Stephen
Table
Svendson, Stephen
Chair
Pettersen, Kari
解释:
LEFT JOIN返回”first_table”中所有的行尽管在” second_table”中没有相匹配的数据。
RIGHT JOIN的语法:
SELECT field1, field2, field3
FROM first_table
RIGHT JOIN second_table
ON first_table.keyfield = second_table.foreign_keyfield
用”Employees”表去右外联结”Orders”表去找出相关数据:
SELECT Employees.Name, Orders.Product
FROM Employees
RIGHT JOIN Orders
ON Employees.ID = Orders.ID
返回结果:
Name
Product
Hansen, Ola
Printer
Svendson, Stephen
Table
Svendson, Stephen
Chair
解释:
RIGHT JOIN返回” second_table”中所有的行尽管在”first_table”中没有相匹配的数据。
Alias
用途:
可用在表、结果集或者列上,为它们取一个逻辑名称
语法:
给列取别名:
SELECT column AS column_alias FROM table
给表取别名:
SELECT column FROM table AS table_alias
例:
“Persons”表中的原始数据:
LastName
FirstName
Address
City
Hansen
Ola
Timoteivn 10
Sandnes
Svendson
Tove
Borgvn 23
Sandnes
Pettersen
Kari
Storgt 20
Stavanger
运行下面的SQL:
SELECT LastName AS Family, FirstName AS Name
FROM Persons
返回结果:
Family
Name
Hansen
Ola
Svendson
Tove
Pettersen
Kari
运行下面的SQL:
SELECT LastName, FirstName
FROM Persons AS Employees
返回结果:
Employees中的数据有:
LastName
FirstName
Hansen
Ola
Svendson
Tove
Pettersen
Kari
Insert Into
用途:
在表中插入新行
语法:
插入一行数据
INSERT INTO table_name
VALUES (value1, value2,....)
插入一行数据在指定的字段上
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2,...)
VALUES (value1, value2,....)
例:
“Persons”表中的原始数据:
LastName
FirstName
Address
City
Pettersen
Kari
Storgt 20
Stavanger
运行下面的SQL插入一行数据:
INSERT INTO Persons
VALUES ('Hetland', 'Camilla', 'Hagabakka 24', 'Sandnes')
插入后”Persons”表中的数据为:
LastName
FirstName
Address
City
Pettersen
Kari
Storgt 20
Stavanger
Hetland
Camilla
Hagabakka 24
Sandnes
运行下面的SQL插入一行数据在指定的字段上:
INSERT INTO Persons (LastName, Address)
VALUES ('Rasmussen', 'Storgt 67')
插入后”Persons”表中的数据为:
LastName
FirstName
Address
City
Pettersen
Kari
Storgt 20
Stavanger
Hetland
Camilla
Hagabakka 24
Sandnes
Rasmussen
Storgt 67
Update
用途:
更新表中原有数据
语法:
UPDATE table_name SET column_name = new_value
WHERE column_name = some_value
例:
“Person”表中的原始数据:
LastName
FirstName
Address
City
Nilsen
Fred
Kirkegt 56
Stavanger
Rasmussen
Storgt 67
运行下面的SQL将Person表中LastName
UPDATE Person SET FirstName = 'Nina'
WHERE LastName = 'Rasmussen'
更新后”Person”表中的数据为:
LastName
FirstName
Address
City
Nilsen
Fred
Kirkegt 56
Stavanger
Rasmussen
Nina
Storgt 67
同样的,用UPDATE语句也可以同时更新多个字段:
UPDATE Person
SET Address = 'Stien 12', City = 'Stavanger'
WHERE LastName = 'Rasmussen'
更新后”Person”表中的数据为:
LastName
FirstName
Address
City
Nilsen
Fred
Kirkegt 56
Stavanger
Rasmussen
Nina
Stien 12
Stavanger
Delete
用途:
删除表中的数据
语法:
DELETE FROM table_name WHERE column_name = some_value
例:
“Person”表中的原始数据:
LastName
FirstName
Address
City
Nilsen
Fred
Kirkegt 56
Stavanger
Rasmussen
Nina
Stien 12
Stavanger
删除Person表中LastName为”Rasmussen”的数据:
DELETE FROM Person WHERE LastName = 'Rasmussen'
执行删除语句后”Person”表中的数据为:
LastName
FirstName
Address
City
Nilsen
Fred
Kirkegt 56
Stavanger
Create Table
用途:
建立新的资料表。
语法:
CREATE TABLE table_name
(
column_name1 data_type,
column_name2 data_type,
.......
)
例:
创建一张叫“Person”的表,该表有4个字段"LastName", "FirstName", "Address", "Age"
CREATE TABLE Person
(
LastName varchar,
FirstName varchar,
Address varchar,
Age int
)
如果想指定字段的最大存储长度,你可以这样:
CREATE TABLE Person
(
LastName varchar(30),
FirstName varchar(30),
Address varchar(120),
Age int(3)
)
下表中列出了在SQL的一些数据类型:
Data Type
Description
integer(size)
int(size)
smallint(size)
tinyint(size)
Hold integers only. The maximum number of digits are specified in parenthesis.
decimal(size,d)
numeric(size,d)
Hold numbers with fractions. The maximum number of digits are specified in "size". The maximum number of digits to the right of the decimal is specified in "d".
char(size)
Holds a fixed length string (can contain letters, numbers, and special characters). The fixed size is specified in parenthesis.
varchar(size)
Holds a variable length string (can contain letters, numbers, and special characters). The maximum size is specified in parenthesis.
date(yyyymmdd)
Holds a date
Alter Table
用途:
在已经存在的表中增加后者移除字段
语法:
ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD column_name datatype
ALTER TABLE table_name
DROP COLUMN column_name
注意:某些数据库管理系统不允许移除表中的字段
例:
“Person”表中的原始数据:
LastName
FirstName
Address
Pettersen
Kari
Storgt 20
在Person表中增加一个名为City的字段:
ALTER TABLE Person ADD City varchar(30)
增加后表中数据如下:
LastName
FirstName
Address
City
Pettersen
Kari
Storgt 20
移除Person表中原有的Address字段:
ALTER TABLE Person DROP COLUMN Address
移除后表中数据如下:
LastName
FirstName
City
Pettersen
Kari
Drop Table
用途:
在数据库中移除一个数据表定义及该数据表中的所有资料、索引、触发程序、条件约束及权限指定。
语法:
DROP TABLE table_name
Create Database
用途:
建立新的数据库
语法:
CREATE DATABASE database_name
Drop Database
用途:
移除原有的数据库
语法:
DROP DATABASE database_name
聚集函数
count
用途:
传回选取的结果集中行的数目。
语法:
SELECT COUNT(column_name) FROM table_name
例:
“Persons”表中原始数据如下:
Name
Age
Hansen, Ola
34
Svendson, Tove
45
Pettersen, Kari
19
选取记录总数:
SELECT COUNT(Name) FROM Persons
执行结果:
3
sum
用途:
以表达式传回所有值的总和,或仅 DISTINCT 值。SUM 仅可用于数值资料行。已忽略 Null 值。
语法:
SELECT SUM(column_name) FROM table_name
例:
“Persons”表中原始数据如下:
Name
Age
Hansen, Ola
34
Svendson, Tove
45
Pettersen, Kari
19
选取”Persons”表中所有人的年龄总和:
SELECT SUM(Age) FROM Persons
执行结果:
98
选取”Persons”表中年龄超过20岁的人的年龄总和:
SELECT SUM(Age) FROM Persons WHERE Age>20
执行结果:
79
avg
用途:
传回选取的结果集中值的平均值。已忽略 Null 值。
语法:
SELECT AVG(column_name) FROM table_name
例:
“Persons”表中原始数据如下:
Name
Age
Hansen, Ola
34
Svendson, Tove
45
Pettersen, Kari
19
选取”Persons”表中所有人的平均年龄:
SELECT AVG(Age) FROM Persons
执行结果:
32.67
选取”Persons”表中年龄超过20岁的人的平均年龄:
SELECT AVG(Age) FROM Persons WHERE Age>20
执行结果:
39.5
max
用途:
传回选取的结果集中值的最大值。已忽略 Null 值。
语法:
SELECT MAX(column_name) FROM table_name
例:
“Persons”表中原始数据如下:
Name
Age
Hansen, Ola
34
Svendson, Tove
45
Pettersen, Kari
19
选取”Persons”表中的最大年龄:
SELECT MAX(Age) FROM Persons
执行结果:
45
min
用途:
传回选取的结果集中值的最小值。已忽略 Null 值。
语法:
SELECT MIN(column_name) FROM table_name
例:
“Persons”表中原始数据如下:
Name
Age
Hansen, Ola
34
Svendson, Tove
45
Pettersen, Kari
19
选取”Persons”表中的最小年龄:
SELECT MIN(Age) FROM Persons
执行结果:
19
算术函数
abs
用途:
传回指定数值表达式 (Numeric Expression) 的绝对正值。
语法:
ABS(numeric_expression)
例:
1.0 0.0 1.0
ceil
用途:
传回大于等于给定数值表达式的最小整数。
语法:
CEIL(numeric_expression)
例:
124.00 -123.00
floor
用途:
传回小于或等于给定数值表达式的最大整数。
语法:
FLOOR(numeric_expression)
例:
123.00 -124.00
cos
用途:
在指定表达式中传回指定角度 (以弪度为单位) 的三角余弦值的数学函数。
语法:
COS(numeric_expression)
例:
-0.599465
cosh
用途:
传回以弧度为单位的角度值,其余弦为指定的 float 表达式,也称为反余弦。
语法:
COSH(numeric_expression)
例:
3.14159
sin
用途:
以近似的数值 (float) 表达式传回给定角度 (以弧度) 之三角正弦函数 (Trigonometric Sine)。
语法:
SIN(numeric_expression)
例:
0.929607
sinh
用途:
传回以弪度为单位的角度,其正弦为指定的 float 表达式 (也称为反正弦)。
语法:
SINH(numeric_expression)
例:
-1.5708
tan
用途:
传回输入表达式的正切函数。
语法:
TAN(numeric_expression)
例:
1.6331778728383844E+16
tanh
用途:
传回以弪度为单位的角度,其正切为指定的 float 表达式 (也称为反正切)。
语法:
TANH(numeric_expression)
例:
-1.54858
exp
用途:
传回给定的 float 表达式的指数 (Exponential) 值。
语法:
EXP(numeric_expression)
例:
2.69498e+164
log
用途:
传回给定的 float 表达式之自然对数。
语法:
LOG(numeric_expression)
例:
1.64396
power
用途:
传回给定表达式指定乘幂的值。
语法:
POWER(numeric_expression,v)
例:
64
sign
用途:
传回给定的表达式之正 (+1)、零 (0) 或负 (-1) 号。
语法:
SIGN(numeric_expression)
例:
1 0 -1
sqrt
用途:
传回给定表达式的平方。
语法:
SQRT(numeric_expression)
例:
SQRT(10)
执行结果:
100